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Repository of Research and Investigative Information

Ilam University of Medical Sciences

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Fri Nov 8 17:53:22 2024

(2020) Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. pp. 1160-1203. ISSN 01406736 (ISSN)

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Abstract

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95 uncertainty interval UI 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60· ) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Item Type: Article
Creators:
CreatorsEmail
Abbafati, C.UNSPECIFIED
Machado, D. B.UNSPECIFIED
Cislaghi, B.UNSPECIFIED
Salman, O. M.UNSPECIFIED
Karanikolos, M.UNSPECIFIED
McKee, M.UNSPECIFIED
Abbas, K. M.UNSPECIFIED
Brady, O. J.UNSPECIFIED
Larson, H. J.UNSPECIFIED
Trias-Llimós, S.UNSPECIFIED
Cummins, S.UNSPECIFIED
Langan, S. M.UNSPECIFIED
Sartorius, B.UNSPECIFIED
Hafiz, A.UNSPECIFIED
Jenabi, E.UNSPECIFIED
Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N.UNSPECIFIED
Borzouei, S.UNSPECIFIED
Azarian, G.UNSPECIFIED
Khazaei, S.UNSPECIFIED
Abbasi, M.UNSPECIFIED
Asghari, B.UNSPECIFIED
Masoumi, S.UNSPECIFIED
Komaki, H.UNSPECIFIED
Taherkhani, A.UNSPECIFIED
Adabi, M.UNSPECIFIED
Abbasifard, M.UNSPECIFIED
Bazmandegan, G.UNSPECIFIED
Kamiab, Z.UNSPECIFIED
Vakilian, A.UNSPECIFIED
Anjomshoa, M.UNSPECIFIED
Mokari, A.UNSPECIFIED
Sabour, S.UNSPECIFIED
Shahbaz, M.UNSPECIFIED
Saeedi, R.UNSPECIFIED
Ahmadieh, H.UNSPECIFIED
Yousefinezhadi, T.UNSPECIFIED
Haj-Mirzaian, A.UNSPECIFIED
Nikbakhsh, R.UNSPECIFIED
Safi, S.UNSPECIFIED
Asgari, S.UNSPECIFIED
Irvani, S. N.UNSPECIFIED
Jahanmehr, N.UNSPECIFIED
Ramezanzadeh, K.UNSPECIFIED
Abbasi-Kangevari, M.UNSPECIFIED
Khayamzadeh, M.UNSPECIFIED
Abbastabar, H.UNSPECIFIED
Shirkoohi, R.UNSPECIFIED
Fazlzadeh, M.UNSPECIFIED
Janjani, H.UNSPECIFIED
Hosseini, M.UNSPECIFIED
Mansournia, M.UNSPECIFIED
Tohidinik, H.UNSPECIFIED
Bakhtiari, A.UNSPECIFIED
Fazaeli, A.UNSPECIFIED
Mousavi, S.UNSPECIFIED
Hasanzadeh, A.UNSPECIFIED
Nabavizadeh, B.UNSPECIFIED
Malekzadeh, R.UNSPECIFIED
Hashemian, M.UNSPECIFIED
Pourshams, A.UNSPECIFIED
Salimzadeh, H.UNSPECIFIED
Sepanlou, S. G.UNSPECIFIED
Afarideh, M.UNSPECIFIED
Esteghamati, A.UNSPECIFIED
Esteghamati, S.UNSPECIFIED
Ghajar, A.UNSPECIFIED
Heidari, B.UNSPECIFIED
Rezaei, N.UNSPECIFIED
Mohamadi, E.UNSPECIFIED
Rahimi-Movaghar, A.UNSPECIFIED
Rahim, F.UNSPECIFIED
Eskandarieh, S.UNSPECIFIED
Sahraian, M.UNSPECIFIED
Mohebi, F.UNSPECIFIED
Aminorroaya, A.UNSPECIFIED
Ebrahimi, H.UNSPECIFIED
Farzadfar, F.UNSPECIFIED
Mohajer, B.UNSPECIFIED
Pishgar, F.UNSPECIFIED
Saeedi Moghaddam, S.UNSPECIFIED
Shabani, M.UNSPECIFIED
Zarafshan, H.UNSPECIFIED
Abolhassani, H.UNSPECIFIED
Hafezi-Nejad, N.UNSPECIFIED
Heidari-Soureshjani, R.UNSPECIFIED
Abdollahi, M.UNSPECIFIED
Farahmand, M.UNSPECIFIED
Salamati, P.UNSPECIFIED
Mehrabi Nasab, E.UNSPECIFIED
Tajdini, M.UNSPECIFIED
Aghamir, S.UNSPECIFIED
Mirzaei, R.UNSPECIFIED
Dibaji Forooshani, Z.UNSPECIFIED
Khater, M. M.UNSPECIFIED
Abd-Allah, F.UNSPECIFIED
Abdelalim, A.UNSPECIFIED
Abualhasan, A.UNSPECIFIED
El-Jaafary, S. I.UNSPECIFIED
Hassan, A.UNSPECIFIED
Elsharkawy, A.UNSPECIFIED
othersUNSPECIFIED
Keywords: adolescent adult aged birth rate child demography epidemiology female global disease burden human infant life expectancy live birth male middle aged mortality newborn population research preschool child questionnaire risk factor spatial analysis very elderly young adult Aged, 80 and over Censuses Child, Preschool Global Burden of Disease Humans Infant, Newborn Risk Factors Surveys and Questionnaires
Divisions:
Page Range: pp. 1160-1203
Journal or Publication Title: The Lancet
Journal Index: Scopus
Volume: 396
Number: 10258
Identification Number: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6
ISSN: 01406736 (ISSN)
Depositing User: مهندس مهدی شریفی
URI: http://eprints.medilam.ac.ir/id/eprint/3281

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